April is Stress Awareness Month, a time to pause and take a closer look at something most of us experience daily: stress. While stress is a normal part of life—and even helpful in short bursts—chronic or overwhelming stress can take a real toll on both the body and the mind. This blog will walk you through what stress actually is, how it impacts your brain and body, and what research shows can help you manage it more effectively. What Is Stress? From a biological perspective, stress is the body’s response to any demand or challenge. It can be triggered by external situations (like work, relationships, or major life changes) or internal experiences (like worry or self-criticism). In the short term, stress is protective. It activates what’s often called the “fight or flight” response—preparing your body to respond quickly to a threat. Your heart rate increases, your muscles tense, and your brain becomes more alert. The problem arises when stress becomes chronic. What is meant to be a temporary response becomes a constant state, and that’s when it begins to impact your health. How Stress Affects the Body Stress doesn’t just “stay in your head”—it affects nearly every system in your body. Muscles and Pain When you’re stressed, your muscles tense automatically. Over time, chronic tension can lead to headaches, neck and shoulder pain, and even long-term musculoskeletal issues. Heart and Blood Vessels Stress increases heart rate and blood pressure. While this is helpful in short bursts, ongoing stress can increase the risk of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. Breathing Stress can cause rapid or shallow breathing, and in some cases, contribute to panic attacks. For people with respiratory conditions like asthma, stress can worsen symptoms. Digestion and Gut Health There’s a strong connection between the brain and the gut. Stress can lead to stomach pain, bloating, nausea, and changes in appetite. It can also disrupt gut bacteria, which plays a role in both physical and emotional health. Immune System Chronic stress weakens the immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off illness. It can also increase inflammation and contribute to longer-term health conditions. Hormones and Energy Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the release of cortisol—the body’s primary stress hormone. While cortisol helps mobilize energy in the short term, prolonged elevation can contribute to fatigue, metabolic issues, and mood disorders. How Stress Affects the Brain Stress has a significant impact on how your brain functions day-to-day. In the short term, it sharpens focus and reaction times. But over time, chronic stress can: Make it harder to concentrate Impair decision-making Increase emotional reactivity Disrupt sleep Research also shows that ongoing stress is linked to mental health conditions like anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It can even play a role in long-term brain health by interfering with processes that clear out harmful proteins during sleep. Differences Across Gender Stress does not affect everyone the same way, and research highlights some important differences. Women Stress can impact menstrual cycles, causing irregular or more painful periods It may affect fertility, pregnancy, and postpartum adjustment Hormonal changes (such as during menopause) can intensify stress responses Women may experience increased vulnerability to anxiety and depression under chronic stress Men Chronic stress can reduce testosterone levels It may lead to decreased libido and sexual functioning Stress can also impact sperm production and fertility These differences are influenced by both biological factors (like hormones) and social factors (like roles, expectations, and stress exposure). What Actually Helps: Research-Backed Stress Management The good news is that there are effective, research-supported ways to manage stress. Many of them are simple—but powerful when practiced consistently. 1. Mindfulness and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Mindfulness involves paying attention to the present moment in a nonjudgmental way. Programs like Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) teach skills such as: Breathing exercises Body awareness (body scans) Gentle movement or yoga Meditation Research shows that mindfulness can: Reduce anxiety and emotional distress Improve coping with stress Decrease physiological stress responses (like heart rate and inflammation) Improve overall well-being Importantly, mindfulness helps shift your response to stress—from automatic and reactive to more intentional and grounded. 2. Physical Health Habits Basic routines have a major impact on stress levels: Regular exercise helps regulate mood and reduce stress hormones Sleep supports brain function and emotional regulation Nutrition plays a role in energy, mood, and resilience These are often the “first line” of stress management—and they matter more than people think. 3. Social Support Having people you can talk to and rely on is one of the strongest protective factors against stress. Social support has been linked to better mental and physical health outcomes, even in high-stress situations. 4. Cognitive and Behavioral Strategies Approaches like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) help people: Identify unhelpful thought patterns Build healthier coping strategies Increase a sense of control and hope Research shows these approaches can reduce anxiety sensitivity and improve resilience in the face of stress. 5. Relaxation and Awareness Simple practices like: Deep breathing Checking in with your body Scheduling time to slow down ...can interrupt the stress cycle and help your nervous system return to baseline. When to Consider Therapy Sometimes, stress becomes more than something you can manage on your own—and that’s okay. A therapist can help you: Understand your unique stress patterns and triggers Learn personalized coping strategies Process underlying factors contributing to stress Build sustainable habits that support long-term well-being Therapy isn’t just for crisis situations—it can also be a proactive way to care for your mental and physical health. Final Thoughts Stress is a natural part of being human. But when it becomes chronic, it can affect nearly every system in your body and brain. The key isn’t eliminating stress entirely—it’s learning how to respond to it in ways that support your health rather than drain it. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, you don’t have to navigate it alone. Support is available, and small, consistent changes can make a meaningful difference over time. Further Reading: ● The Impact of Stress on Body Function: A Review Habib Yaribeygi, Yunes Panahi, Hedayat Sahraei, Thomas P. Johnston, Amirhossein Sahebkar ● Stress Effects on the Body American Psychological Association https://www.apa.org/topics/stress/body ● How Stress Affects the Brain American Brain Foundation https://www.americanbrainfoundation.org/how-stress-affects-the-brain/ ● Stress Management Mary Worthen, Elizabeth Cash ● The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Coping with Stress, Test Anxiety, and Happiness to Promote Health Hajar Zandi, Ali Amirinejhad, Akbar Azizifar, Sehat Aibod, Yousef Veisani, Fathola Mohamadian ● The Effectiveness of Stress-Management-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments on Anxiety Sensitivity, Positive and Negative Affect and Hope Sara Sahranavard, Aliakbar Esmaeili, Reza Dastjerdi, Hamid Salehiniya ● Effectiveness of Psychological Intervention Package on Anxiety and Wellness Level Among Patients with Anxiety Disorders Binu Mathew

Social media is not just something teens use — it is part of daily life. It’s where friendships are maintained, humor is shared, interests are explored, and identities are expressed. Nearly all teenagers use the internet every day, and almost half report being online “almost constantly.” Platforms like YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, and Snapchat have become everyday environments rather than occasional distractions. Time spent on these platforms can add up quickly. Recent surveys suggest that U.S. teens average close to five hours per day on social media, with many reporting four or more hours daily. This level of use reflects how central digital spaces have become during adolescence. There are clear reasons social media is so appealing. Many teens say it helps them stay connected to friends, find communities built around shared interests or identities, and express creativity. Online spaces can offer support, entertainment, and a sense of belonging — especially for teens who may feel isolated or misunderstood in their offline environments. But how social media affects someone is not just about having an account. It often depends on how much time is spent, what kind of content is consumed, and how online activity interacts with sleep, mood, and daily routines. Understanding Internalizing Disorders Mental health struggles are not always easy to recognize. Some challenges show up outwardly through behavior, while others are mostly internal. Internalizing disorders are conditions where distress is directed inward rather than expressed through obvious actions. Common examples include: Depression – ongoing sadness, low energy, loss of interest, feelings of hopelessness Anxiety disorders – excessive worry, tension, fear, or constant overthinking Somatic symptoms – physical complaints linked to emotional stress Because these experiences happen internally, they may go unnoticed. A teen might appear fine on the outside while dealing with significant emotional strain internally. Internalizing difficulties are also very common during adolescence. The teenage years involve major brain development, identity formation, social pressure, and emotional change. During this period, rates of anxiety and depression increase significantly. These conditions are influenced by many factors — biology, stress, sleep, relationships, and environment — and they are also treatable, especially when recognized early. How Social Media Can Affect Mental Health Research shows that social media can influence emotional well-being in both positive and negative ways. One of the most consistent findings involves time spent on platforms. Teens who use social media for more than about three hours per day have been found to face roughly double the risk of poor mental health outcomes, including symptoms of depression and anxiety. Several factors may help explain this connection: Sleep Disruption Heavy social media use is strongly linked to shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality. Sleep plays a major role in mood regulation and stress management. When late-night scrolling replaces sleep, emotional resilience can decline. Social Comparison Social platforms often present filtered and idealized versions of people’s lives and appearances. Constant comparison to unrealistic standards can increase self-criticism, body dissatisfaction, and depressive symptoms. Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) The pressure to stay constantly connected can heighten anxiety. Social media design — endless updates and notifications — can intensify feelings of being left out. Negative Interactions Cyberbullying, online harassment, and exposure to harmful content are associated with higher levels of emotional distress. These experiences can be particularly impactful during adolescence. Importantly, these findings do not mean social media automatically causes mental health problems. They do, however, highlight patterns worth paying attention to. Social Media Isn't Simply "Good" or "Bad" Social media is often framed in extremes, but reality is more nuanced. It is a tool, and its effects depend largely on how it is used and how much space it occupies in daily life. For many teens, social media provides real benefits: connection, creativity, support, humor, and access to information. For others, it can contribute to stress, distraction, comparison, and sleep problems. Often, both experiences exist at the same time. A more useful question than “Is social media good or bad?” is: How is social media being used, and how is it affecting mood, sleep, and self-esteem? Building Healthier Social Media Habits Small shifts in behavior can change how social media feels and functions. More Active, Less Passive Use Actively interacting with friends or creating content tends to be more positive than endless scrolling. Curating the Feed Unfollowing accounts that trigger comparison or stress and following content that inspires or educates can improve the experience. Protecting Sleep Limiting screen use before bedtime and creating device boundaries at night can support emotional well-being. Reducing "Always-On" Pressure Scheduled check-ins or temporary breaks from apps can decrease anxiety and improve focus. Social media often feels healthiest when it supports life rather than replaces sleep, relationships, and offline activities. How Therapy Can Help When social media starts to feel overwhelming or tied to anxiety, mood changes, or self-doubt, therapy can be helpful. Therapy is not only for severe problems — it can also help with everyday stressors. A therapist can support teens in: ● Understanding how online habits affect mood and sleep ● Developing healthier boundaries ● Managing comparison and self-criticism ● Building coping skills and confidence Therapy offers a private, nonjudgmental space focused entirely on understanding individual experiences. Seeking support is a practical way to care for mental health. A Note for Parents Social media is a central part of modern adolescence, and its effects are rarely simple. Open, nonjudgmental communication is one of the most protective factors. Teens are more likely to share online experiences when conversations feel supportive rather than critical. Helpful approaches may include: ● Encouraging balance rather than strict control ● Supporting sleep routines and device boundaries ● Discussing online experiences with curiosity ● Modeling healthy technology habits ● Watching for changes in mood or behavior Social media is not just a technology issue — it is also a developmental and emotional one. Supportive relationships remain one of the strongest buffers against distress. Sources and Further Reading: Predicting the onset of internalizing disorders in early adolescence using deep learning optimized with AI (Nina de Lacy, Micheal Ramshaw, Wai Yin Lam) Social Media and Teen Mental Health Updated June 29, 2025 | Posted August 10, 2023 By the Annie E. Casey Foundation The Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review (Abderrahman M Khalaf , Abdullah A Alubied, Ahmed M Khalaf, Abdallah A Rifaey) Social Media Use by Adolescents Linked to Internalizing Behaviors (John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health) Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among U.S. Youth (Kira E. Riehm, Kenneth A. Feder, Kayla N. Tormohlen, Rosa M. Crum, Andrea S. Young, Kerry M. Green, Lauren R. Pacek, Lareina N. La Flair and Ramin Mojtabai) Internalizing Problems in Childhood and Adolescence: The Role of the Family (Beatriz Aguilar-Yamuza, Carlos Herruzo-Pino, Valentina Lucena-Jurado, Antonio Félix Raya-Trenas, María José Pino-Osuna)

When people become interested in the process of psychological assessment and begin to look for practices that can offer that service, pricing can vary widely. A consumer, particularly a first-time consumer of such services, can be pretty overwhelmed and confused by the pricing of such evaluations. We often say “people don’t know what they don’t know” when seeking such a specialized service. It can be particularly frustrating when people pay thousands of dollars to be left with a very lengthy document that they have trouble understanding and no clear plan for moving forward. At our practice, Texas Psychology & Assessment Center , we often have people seek our services to help interpret another psychologist’s lengthy report with pages of words and tables leaving them asking, “What does this really say about me/my child, and where do I go from here?” This should not be the result of a process that costs so much in both dollars and in time as well. Read on for an explanation of what to expect from a comprehensive psychological assessment, the reasons for the cost of a thorough assessment, and what questions you can ask to help you be a more informed consumer. Why Do Psychological Assessments Have Such a High Price Tag? Cost of Materials: Why Are They So Expensive? The tests that are administered are purchased from publishers that spend years developing, standardizing, validating, and establishing the reliability of the tests. In other words, it takes a lot of time and money to ensure that the test measures what it says it measures and that it does so in a valid way. So, as such, the cost of these materials reflects the research and development of the tests themselves, not just the pieces of paper that the examiner and subject write on. For a comprehensive evaluation, approximately $350 to $700 is required in materials alone, and this cost has to be reflected in the pricing as well. The Psychologist’s Time: More Than Just Face-to-Face Hours But we only spent 8 hours together, why is it so expensive? For every psychological assessment that is completed, the majority of the hours spent by the psychologist is formulating the diagnostic picture and writing the report. Our team has estimated that for every hour spent with the client, 2 to 3 hours are spent behind the scenes on scoring, interpreting, writing the report, formulating the feedback, and providing follow up recommendations/care. You are paying for not only the time but also the expertise of the psychologist with whom you are working. This often includes the psychologist collaborating behind the scenes with our team of psychologists on the results as well, to ensure that each individual gets the most thorough assessment and most thoughtful, practical, and individualized recommendations possible. What does a comprehensive psychological assessment entail? Step 1: Thorough Diagnostic Interview Including historical information as well as detailed information on the current status and difficulties of the patient Step 2: Developing a Collaborative Assessment Plan This identifies the areas of focus and how they will be assessed. Our practice conducts evaluations on children, adolescents, and adults, and typically, people seeking our services are having difficulty with school or work to the degree that they will likely require reasonable accommodations to be successful. Because of this, we typically assess areas like intellectual functioning, academics, attention/executive functioning, and social/emotional functioning to inform what they need to be successful, not just in school/work but also ways that they can better themselves in other areas of their lives. It is also important that (with the client’s consent), additional information is gathered from important people who are able to observe the client in their daily lives. This can include parents, teachers/professors, significant others in the case of adults, therapists, and psychiatrists involved in their care. For children, school-based observations are often included as part of the process to best inform the assessment as well. Step 3: Testing Sessions Next we collaborate on the plan for the testing day or days. The typical amount of time spent directly with the client on working on testing activities is 6 to 8 hours unless the testing is focused on answering a specific question in an adult (such as focused/targeted ADHD or autism testing for self-discovery purposes – this may be completed in as few as 3 to 4 hours). Testing can be divided into multiple sessions if desired, but there are benefits and drawbacks to either approach. Step 4: Post-Testing Analysis and Report Writing Your work with us is just about completed but OUR work is really just beginning – what comes next is scoring the quantitative measures, consolidating all the data into tables/charts, and interpreting what it all means. Not just what does it mean diagnostically but what does it mean to you, in your daily life. Recommendations are tailor made so that the information is not just that—information – but can be readily applied to daily life in the form of resources that will help the client learn more about any potential diagnoses or areas in which they may improve and actionable steps to improve daily life. Recommendations are comprehensive in that they include not just ways for the client to better themselves, but also supportive steps to be taken by parents/significant others, teachers, therapists, and other providers who are integral to the client’s path in moving forward. The remainder of the time spent to conclude the evaluation entails the following: Writing the report often takes several hours itself – the focus is on making a document that is highly readable, digestible to multiple audiences, and can be helpful to the client as well as schools/workplaces or other providers who work with the client on their goals (therapists, psychiatrists, coaches). Step 5: Feedback Meetings and Follow-Up Care Feedback meetings are critical – this is the opportunity for the psychologist and the client to discuss the testing results and what they mean to their life. This is a time for the psychologist to relay the findings through a conversation to the client, and allows time for the client to reflect and ask questions about the results. Best practice for psychological care is that feedback is also provided to minor clients in addition to their parents/caregivers. Follow up care – oftentimes after the report and feedback are shared, clients will have follow up questions and we are happy to provide support in that way via email or additional conversations when needed. What Questions Should You Ask When Choosing a Psychologist? Psychological assessment, when done well and in accordance to the highest standards and ethics of the practice of psychology, can be life changing. It is an investment in time and care, utilizing the expertise of thousands of hours of training and education. It is also not something that can be easily “redone” if not done well the first time – there are standards for the length of time between assessments and not duplicating or readministering the same assessment instruments within a year from the first administration, so selecting the practice and psychologist to conduct the testing is something to be carefully considered. When you are deciding who to entrust this process to, it’s important to consider the following: Who Will Conduct the Testing? Does the psychologist work with you themselves or do you complete the testing activities with a tech or someone with less training? What is the volume of testing clients the provider sees per week? You will have a different experience from a psychologist who sees one to two testing clients per week vs one testing client per day. Oftentimes higher volume practices utilize techs and students to do the actual testing, write the report, and generate the recommendations with the psychologist only offering a review of those findings. The psychologist in this case may spend less than hour with the person being evaluated if that person is a child or student not involved in the initial interview. What does the testing process entail? Is the report written by the psychologist and is it tailored to you, or does the psychologist cut and paste the various template interpretative reports that the scoring software generates? Will the psychologist reach out to people involved in your life (therapists, psychiatrists, teachers) to provide a more informed analysis of your areas of strengths/challenges? What Is the Feedback Process? Is this a sit-down meeting, and is it included in the pricing of the evaluation? While it is not consistent with the professional ethics outlined for the practice of psychology, it does happen that practices charge additional fees to sit down and discuss the assessment results after sending a report. How Many Clients Does the Provider See Weekly? You will have a different experience from a psychologist who sees one to two testing clients per week vs one testing client per day. Oftentimes higher volume practices utilize techs and students to do the actual testing, write the report, and generate the recommendations with the psychologist only offering a review of those findings. The psychologist in this case may spend less than hour with the person being evaluated if that person is a child or student not involved in the initial interview. Is feedback provided to your child or teenager as well? An individually tailored feedback meetings to the child or teenager is critical to the process that a quality psychological assessment provides – self-understanding, awareness of strengths, and giving a name to a set of challenges that is often experienced in the daily lives of our clients. It is standard operating procedures in our practice that every child or teen receive their own individual feedback session with the psychologist that they worked with during their testing to “close the loop” so to speak on the evaluation process. They receive an overview of the findings in developmentally-appropriate language, are provided with a handout or a letter that is written individually to and for them to reference back in the weeks and months to come. I have had parents contact me years after the fact to tell me how often that letter or document was referenced by their child, and how powerful and helpful it was for the family and the care team of the child to have a common language around strengths and challenges. Why a High-Quality Psychological Assessment Is Worth the Investment Psychological assessments are not just about obtaining a report; they are about gaining a deep understanding of oneself or a loved one and creating a roadmap for future success. A well-conducted assessment provides: Clarity and Direction: Clients gain insights into their strengths and challenges, helping them move forward with confidence. Tailored Recommendations: Actionable steps are designed specifically for the client, addressing their unique needs and goals. Long-Term Benefits: The insights gained from an assessment can lead to meaningful improvements in personal, academic, or professional life. Holistic Support: The recommendations often include strategies for parents, teachers, and other care providers, ensuring a strong support network. Investing in a high-quality assessment means trusting experts who will dedicate the time, care, and expertise to deliver actionable results that make a real difference. Cutting corners or selecting providers without thorough vetting could lead to incomplete or unclear results, which may ultimately require more time and money to correct. Conclusion: Making an Informed Choice In sum, the process of a thorough, comprehensive, collaborative and therapeutically-driven assessment is very complex and involves hours of work behind the scenes. The cost reflects not just an end product (the report) but the process of helping a person better understand themselves and where to go from there to promote their optimal development. It is an investment that is worthy of careful selection and vetting of the persons who will be providing that care as well as their process and standards of care to maximize the intangible returns on that investment.

School has just ended for your kiddo and while they’re excited to soak up the sun, you’re wondering how you can best support them for these next few months! During the school year, your child has been engaged in brain stimulating activities, surrounded by their friends, and had access to positive adult role models. Especially for children and adolescents who thrive on having a set schedule for the day, many kiddos can be severely impacted by the transition to summer break. Here are some considerations for the summer as they transition out of their schools: 1. Having little to no routine : Data overwhelmingly indicates an association between having routines and positive developmental outcomes within children and teens. These can include positive effects across the board (e.g., cognition, self-regulation, social-emotional health, and physical health). Regardless of individual differences, routines provide feelings of safety, control, and comfort as your child knows what will happen next. 2. Reduced access to services: Children and teens are in schools five days a week with access to a multitude of professionals and services. Outside of the home, school is the number one place where students can receive necessary services designed to identify and treat social and emotional well-being issues. 3. Isolation from friends : Many students do not have a way to access their peers during the summer months if they are not yet able to drive, do not have access to transportation, or live far away from peers their age. Research has shown that social deprivation can have detrimental effects on a child’s brain development, self-concept, and mental health. These considerations highlight just how protective school can be for your student’s mental health. Without the supports from the school, it is incredibly important to keep an eye out for any signs of decline in your kiddo’s mental health! Here are some strategies to be proactive in supporting your young ones over the summer: Establish routines with your children to add some stability to their summer. A checklist can be a helpful tool to remind children and teens of daily tasks and activities. Here you can find a Summer Routine Checklist for your teens that can also be easily modified to suit the needs of a younger child. Encourage them to engage in their hobbies. This may also be a great time to explore new interests with your children that are mentally and/or physically stimulating! Help facilitate opportunities for social interactions to the best of your ability. These can include playdates or organized activities such as sports, camps, and community events. Think about setting limits on your child’s screen time. Children and adolescents can experience a multitude of negative consequences in response to increased time in front of a screen, especially over the summer. Sleep problems, decreased socialization with family and peers, mood difficulties, and poor self-image are just some of the negative outcomes of excessive screen time. More information on screen time for children can be found here . Some children and teens may experience a more drastic change in behavior that may warrant seeking out services from a mental health professional. Here are some signs and symptoms top look out for: For younger children: Frequent tantrums or irritability Often fearful Complain of frequent stomachaches, headaches, or body aches with no corresponding medical concern Are in constant motion and cannot sit quietly Sleeping too much or too little Frequent nightmares Unusual fatigue Difficulty making or maintaining friendships Repeated actions or checking things many times for fear that something bad may happen For older children: Feeling very sad or withdrawn for two or more weeks Seriously trying to harm or kill themselves, or making plans to do so Sudden overwhelming fear for no reason, sometimes with a racing heart or fast breathing Involved in multiple fights using a weapon, or wanting to badly hurt others Severe, out-of-control behavior that can hurt themselves or others Not eating, throwing up or using laxatives to make themselves lose weight Intensive worries or fears that get in the way of daily activities Extreme difficulty in concentrating or staying still that puts them in physical danger or causes school failure Repeated use of drugs or alcohol Severe mood swings that cause problems in relationships Drastic changes in their behavior or personality Sources Summer is Almost Here! Tips for Parents to Support Their Child’s Mental Health Over Break | CommUnity Crisis Services. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://builtbycommunity.org/summerbreak/ Why does summer break impact student mental health? | Pearson Assessments US. (2023, July 19). Www.pearsonassessments.com. https://www.pearsonassessments.com/professional-assessments/blog-webinars/blog/2023/07/why-does-summer-break-impact-student-mental-health.html Boylan, K. (2019). Summer can be hard on kids with mental health problems. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l’Academie Canadienne de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de L’adolescent, 28(2), 44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6691798/ ‌ Mayo Clinic. (2020, February 26). Mental illness in children: Know the signs. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/mental-illness-in-children/art-20046577 ‌ Selman, S. B., & Dilworth‐Bart, J. E. (2023). Routines and child development: A systematic review. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12549 ‌ 11 Simple Signs a Child May Have a Psychiatric Disorder. (n.d.). Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/article/11-simple-signs-a-child-may-have-a-psychiatric-disorder/ ‌ Orben, A., Tomova, L., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2020). The Effects of Social Deprivation on Adolescent Development and Mental Health. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(8), 634–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30186-3 ‌ National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Children and Mental Health: Is This Just a Stage? Www.nimh.nih.gov. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/children-and-mental-health ‌ Reeves, S., & Unni, L. (2024, June 3). Summer Break Self-Care [Review of Summer Break Self-Care]. Texas Psychology & Assessment Center. https://www.texaspsychologycenter.com/summer-break-self-care ‌ AACAP. (2020, February). Screen Time and Children. Aacap.org; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-And-Watching-TV-054.aspx